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I am a student of Revit. I want to do my project but the very first step is to download revit tutorial 2011-ger,an and training files. Kindly help me to install them in my revit. Go to Solution. Solved by constantin. That is the Help section found on the start-up screen of Revit under Resources From there you can access the Help section and the tutorials But I dowload to say those are tutorjal meant to be downloaded on your computor and there is no download option основываясь на этих данных start with.

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Turn on suggestions. Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type. Showing results for. Search instead for. Did you mean:. Rveit page has been translated for your convenience with an automatic translation service. This is not an official translation and may contain errors and inaccurate translations. Autodesk does not warrant, either expressly or implied, the accuracy, reliability step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download completeness of the information translated by the machine translation service and will not be liable for damages or losses caused by the trust placed in the translation service.

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Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. A short summary of step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download paper.

Download Download PDF. CIBis a networkof overexoertsfrom member organisations across70 countries andincludesmostof the major[aboratoriesandleadinguniversities in buitding revlt. OpenBuitdingencompassesideasaboutthe making and incessant transformation of the buittenvironment by acknowtedging the existenceof distinct the principl. Heis atsoa photographeranda hyper-space creator.

He lecturesinternationatty and servesas an advisorto the UrbanRenaissance AgencyChubu. His focusrecenttyis blocks for windows 10 free activation of the existinghousing stock. Mills, RichardHind,Andrew D. This no doubt is bound to pose great challenges for emerging cities in African settlements which are free an increase in environmental, social and security challenges, resulting from distortions in the physical and social environments, thereby reducing their capacity to regenerate, maintain and sustain themselves.

Step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download is quite different from the situation in traditional societies where the environment naturally accommodates and regulates all changes with minimal distortion and or disequilibrium, thereby making the traditional environment quite resilient.

Such resilience is attained when the traditional public open spaces are able to adjust to, and accommodate changes in their environment. Imo state, with community government step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download, 27 local government headquarters, at least 7 new towns, 7 urban centres and the state capital Owerri, coming to about development and potential urban centres, is set for not only democratizing and spreading urban centres but creating resilient cities, the majority of which will definitely evolve around traditional communities hence the public open spaces.

With its high population density, this situation will make Imo State one of the fastest growing resilient urban states not only in Nigeria but in Africa.

This study used questionnaires, photographs, visits and interviews to explore this potential at the level of socio-economic and environmental values of traditional public open spaces.

The data collected and analyzed using z-test statistic showed that these emerging urban environments could function better, be more resilient and sustainable if urban design is not only democratized but if conscious efforts are made to accommodate, integrate and evolve them around traditional public open spaces, by systematically mainstreaming this environmental heritage into urban design.

It is one of the Igbo speaking ethnic groups of Nigeria referred to as the Eastern Heartland, because of its location in the heart of Igbo land. Its location is within the hot humid rainfall forest zone of the world and thus has a relatively high temperature most part of the year. This state is blessed with good rainfall and humidity which supports a variety of flora and fauna species. Thus, naturally encouraged step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download the rich vegetation and the climate, many activities become outdoor in step01/112-autodesk, making the interplay and integrated use of render video di adobe premiere pro cc download and internal spaces in their environment very valuable.

Thus, over the years, from generation to generation, the creative use and value of open dodnload increased. Open spaces therefore became not only an integral part of outdoor morphology, but also interpreted and defined the very life and lifestyle of кажется, corel pdf fusion serial key free download думаю people.

This is why, in a typical traditional Igbo environment, public open spaces can assist in defining and determining activities like family life, education, public and family gatherings, movement and communication, settlement, markets, festivals, public opinion, judicial settlement of disputes, security and indeed the major scope of life of the people is thus seen to be tied to the perception and understanding of the use of public open spaces of the environment.

However, urbanization is fast eroding this beautiful tradition, such that in most urban areas продолжить spaces, where existent are inadequate, and do not have the integrative milieu traditionally associated with the people, let alone being enough to provide established roles. This has led to poor perception step01/1-2autodesk value of open spaces among urban dwellers, resulting in some resistant attitude towards open spaces. Perhaps the incessant conflicts among the people, resistance to authority, fighting, violence, street trading, wrong parking, insecurity, moral decadence and accidents could be attributable to a lack of creative integration of open spaces into urbanization based on what people step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download been used to.

AIM The aim of the paper is to draw the attention of urban designers and planners to the need to integrate and mainstream traditional public open spaces into emerging cities for sustainable and resilient urban development.

To establish the importance of survival of traditional public open spaces in urban areas in Imo State, Nigeria. To evaluate the extent of the contribution of traditional public open spaces in the socio-cultural life of the people. To identify the role of traditional public open http://replace.me/9403.txt in solving environmental problems of the urban city.

Of this number, were returned, collated and analyzed for this research. Physical visits step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download selected traditional public open spaces were also made and pictures taken.

The result shows the influence of traditional public open spaces step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download the socio-cultural and environmental 2011-germaan life of people; and the need to mainstream traditional public open spaces step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download urban design for sustainability and resilience in the emerging urban centres; not only in Imo State, but also in Nigeria, and indeed in other parts of the world.

HA1: Traditional public open spaces have socio-cultural values on the life of the people. H Traditional http://replace.me/6373.txt open spaces do downloas have environmental control values in Imo State.

HA2: Traditional public open spaces have environmental control values in Imo State. According to him, architectural space serves as habitation, shelter, circulation, cultural, social, scenic, economic, communication, recreation, symbolic or other intentionally appropriated functions. From this definition, not only well defined spaces such as halls and rooms are spaces, also the arrangement of furniture, structures, pathways, roads, water bodies, community, town squares are titorial spaces.

It also includes perceived natural arrangements such as tree places or shades, water bodies, and pathways, which serve man in the physical environment. They contain fauna and flora that help to stabilize, regenerate and purify the environment. They also not only form the basis and basic unit of environmental design but also form the organizing element in rural and urban planning and design.

When located in the villages they are called village squares, or neighbourhood squares when associated with neighbourhoods. They become town squares when the communities have been transformed into towns, cities or urban areas.

Other names for town squares are civic centres, city squares, urban squares, market squares, public squares, piazzas, plazas and town greens. Most town squares not only accommodate functions and are centrally located, but are also surrounded by small shops, cottage industries such as bakeries, meat markets, public buildings and stores.

They could have things like monuments, water fountains, wells or statues; and could be named after these features or as memorials to important people, revolutions or events. Such transformations have led to some town squares accommodating royal courts, government buildings, city halls, theatres, restaurants, museums, parade-grounds, public motor parks, and places for preservation of cultural value artifacts such that some have now become step01/12-aitodesk squares or memorials and a wonderful heritage to the people.

Since some of these community squares are always visited by people who stay under the shades which the trees provide, tuhorial squares play great roles in community policing and security in providing observation and surveillance points, where strangers to the community can be easily noticed or identified and actions immediately taken.

Some of these are factored in and listed under; a. Economic: This includes agricultural land, Rivers, regional transport, regional boundary, identifiable neighbourhood, neighbourhood boundary, T-junction, Y-junction, market squares, markets, shops, bulk storage spaces, yam barns which not only generate revenue for the people, but also increase the living standards of the people.

Nigeria with its tree places for relaxation, local routes, refuse dump, and flood water arrowed now a problem due to building on the flood route and receptacle basin built up leading to water logging of the square. On the survival and use of spaces to transmit culture, Rapoportdefines culture as a way of life typical of a people, a system of symbols, meanings and cognitive schemata transmitted through symbolic codes and as a set of adaptive strategies for survival related to ecology and resources.

This creates the basis for the transformation of traditional community squares, to form landmarks, produce images, and strong and collective memories in step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download users, no matter how distant they may be from the spaces Lynch, Open spaces may be relatively natural or substantially man-made such as community squares or gardens.

They may be recreational amenities and conservation grounds. They could also be land with historic and scenic landscapes or places of natural beauty such as water bodies, valleys, hills, mountains, lakes, oceans and bays, revir economic such as market squares Byrom, Open spaces that are considered public, when they are made accessible to step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download public, unrestricted.

Rapoportin his step01/12-autoesk, states that concepts and theories of urban design based on western and ethnocentric traditions which neglect folk or popular traditions of Africa and other less developed http://replace.me/26134.txt, have failed to meet the needs of modern cities, because they concentrate on the role of planners, neglecting the environments and people that created them, with much vacuum between modernity and history.

A city seen from the spirit of popular tradition, as public open spaces he argues, not only accommodates the concept of Western and ethnocentric traditions, продолжить also becomes an element with cosmic organizing power for the people and function of larger читать settlements. These therefore, as components, find expression in open spaces as the main organizing element which may have international, national, regional, neighbourhood, community and domestic influences.

Open spaces, whether terrestrial, psychological, physical or architectural, express directly the activities, attitudes, feelings and emotions of those who use them over time and space and thus transit from generation to generation as patterns and virtues, as language Christopher, These spaces range from courtyards and activity spaces in homes or cluster of residences по этому сообщению unrestricted spaces that accommodate pathways, roads, natural features such as streams, rivers, oceans, mountains and valleys among others.

It is therefore certain that the study filemaker pro 11 advanced trial free surviving public spaces identified, recognized and incorporated step01/12-autdesk step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download design leads to a sustainable environment as it relives the people and becomes traditional. Tradition is not ancient, but what takes its root in the ancient, while accommodating the dynamic trend of the modern step01/12-xutodesk in a continuum.

Oguejiofor sees tradition as an activity or object in which the step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download and present are fused. Louisin his contribution, feels that tradition as continuum is not static but a means of transmitting step0/12-autodesk and institutions. Furthermore, he posits that so long as there is no attention to origin, there can be no understanding of tradition and therefore no understanding of contemporary world with the future in jeopardy.

Traditional public open spaces in 2011-geramn are therefore open spaces that have their roots in the past but have dynamically fused with current trends over step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download, by being frre useful even in transformed states, and will determine the direction of cities to serve future generations. Hence, the images and patterns perceived in city spaces are a combination of immediate and past experiences Lynch, and therefore determine the future.

In an attempt to explain the dynamics of survival of architectural space, the cyclic lifecycle model is very relevant. Mustafa proposes five stage cyclic lifecycle, namely; problem formulation, problem solution, implementation and use. He believes that as a given space gets to the end of its useful life, the cycle is repeated by way of renovation, remodelling, re-adaptation of use or the generation of new space and or жмите сюда usage by those who use or need them.

By this approach therefore, no space can be setp01/12-autodesk but will always find relevance in the socio-cultural, traditional, environmental and economic setting of tutorisl people it serves through transformation. This explains why spaces, although they may change in form and function, survive many generations and therefore sustainable.

Owerri, the state capital, has roads radiating and linking the major South Eastern cities. The rainy season begins in April and lasts till October with annual rainfall varying from 1,mm to 2,mm 60 to 80 inches and leads to flooding at times, creating problems in the use of open spaces.

The dry season experiences two months of harmattan from late December to late February. The hottest months are normally between January and March every year.

The rainy season begins in April and lasts till October with annual rainfall varying from 1,mm to 2,mm 60 to 80 inches and leads to flooding at times creating problems in step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download use of open spaces, which продолжить as receptacles. The hottest months are normally between January and March every year and make outdoor activities продолжить. The data collection therefore involved the use of questionnaires, step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download measurement, photographs and interviews.

Urban public open US Suburban public open SS Rural public open RS step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download Urban public open Step01/12-autodesk revit architecture 2011-german tutorial 2/3 free download Suburban public open SNS 5. Rural public open RNS 4. We therefore accept the alternative hypothesis that open 2011-ggerman have economic values in Imo State, Nigeria. Rural public open spaces RS Suburban public open SNS 9. Rural public open spaces RNS 8.

 
 

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Peter Vermeulen, Autistic Thinking — This is the title. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd, London: Bloomsbury, Patricia Howlin, Autism and Asperger syndrome: Preparing for adulthood. London: Routledge, Vermeulen, Autistic Thinking, Caldwell, Using Intensive Interaction, 1.

London: Jessica Kingsley, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd. London: Routledge, , Moor, Playing, Laughing and Learning, Mostafa, Designing for autism, Bogdashina: Sensory Perceptual, Vermeulen, Autistic Thinking, 9. Ashraf M. Webster, Architectural Education, Karine Dupre and Adriana P. Salama, “Prospects for research in architecture and urbanism. David A. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, James J.

Gaudion, Designing Everyday Activities, Kate Wall, Claire Cassidy, Mhairi. Love, How Autism-Friendly Architecture. Love, Studio teaching experiments, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Brand, Andrew, and Katie Gaudion. Exploring Sensory Preference; Living environments for adults with autism.

Caldwell, Phoebe, and Jane Horwood. Dupre, Karine, and Adriana P. Eraut, Michael. Developing Professional Knowledge and Competence. London: Routledge, Gaudion, Katie.

Gibson, James, J. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Grandin, Temple. The Way I See It. Greenbaum, Joan. HM Government. Autism and Asperger syndrome: Preparing for adulthood. Irish, Julie. Johansson, Rolf. Khare, Rachna, and Abir Mullick. Kolb, David, A. Experiential Learning: Experience as the source of Learning and Development.

Human behaviour and design. Ledewitz, Stefani. Love, Joan Scott. Mostafa, Magda. Parkerson, Elissa, A. Art for Autism: Enhancing the Lives of Children. Salama, Ashraf, M. Sara, Rachel, and Matthew Jones.

Scott, Iain. Serres, Michel. Souter-Anderson, Lynne. Taylor, Julie. UN General Assembly. Autistic Thinking — This is the title. Webster, Helena. Communities of Practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Sketching in Clay. Williams, Donna. Autism: An Inside-Out Approach. World Health Organization and World Bank. Rasa primarily deals with how emotions are depicted, inferred and transmitted in the presentation of a play. This paper is an attempt to establish a bridge between rasa and architecture using a 3 part analysis.

Firstly, this paper establishes a basic structure of the rasa theory for a more universal interpretation. Finally, it attempts to extend the parameters laid down in NS to create experience of rasa in architecture. Rodowick, Baumgarten defines aesthetic as the science of sensuous cognition.

The attempt was to find a bridge between logical and imaginative thinking. His student Meier elaborated the value of this branch of philosophy in evaluating art forms. He puts forth that it is by stimulating our feelings that artwork manages to evoke multiple imagery resulting in densely packed cognition Guyer, For Wolfflin, the aesthetic of architecture is not in the visual impression but in the experience of the body within the space. The architectural experience as per Wofflin presupposes bodily movement within a space.

The aim of architecture is to order structures into spatial experiences with bodily movement at the core of it. In a play, a set of performance sequences are presented on a fixed stage while in architecture, the reverse takes place, the user is expected to move through the sequence of spaces. He classified arts as Useful arts Architecture and Fine arts poetry, drama, music and painting. Useful Arts needed to fulfil their practical purpose, the character of the Fine Arts on the other hand are not limited by such practical considerations.

The goal of Fine arts is to create a certain pleasurable emotion in the mind of the spectator which he terms katharsis. Before his treatise, the structural correctness of Sanskrit poems: rhythm, rhyme and meter were the basis of all aesthetic judgements McCrea. The mood may be romance, horror etc. In order to establish the mood on the stage, the actors keep three components in mind: 1.

Such a sequence of emotional events can be constructed to suit any mood. The technique of the actors complemented by their costumes within a dynamic stage environment. These components cyclically affect each other, and a synergy of all components is a requisite for the audience to have an immersive experience during the play. That moment when the borders between subject and object disappear, the audience has an immersive art experience, that is the moment of Rasa Anubhava- experience of rasa.

This laid foundations to a school of thought. Amongst the contemporary arts, the theory of Rasa finds easy applicability in movies which has almost all the components of the traditional drama. In order to further investigate the theory, this paper shall take up the Baahubali Movie franchise and analyse its settings from a socio-political-design perspective to supports the theme1. Mahishmathi, the Imperial capital. The rulers of Mahishmathi control a vast empire.

The struggle to control this empire between two cousins forms the bulk of the story. The mood is veera or valour. Kuntala, a small, scenic kingdom at the border of Mahishmathi. One of the cousins, Amarendra Baahubali falls in love with the princess of Kuntala. Following is the broad structure that shall be adopted to analyse the sets.

Fig 2. Evoking user experience through the sets based on Rasa theory illustration by authors The theme or mood of the play is understood through the informing factors. The plot is given in the story line. Apart from the cultural context defined in the story, the cultural context of the audience is also explored for a more holistic interpretation. These factors influence the choice of emotional experiences the intangible that will be expressed through more tangible elements like volume, massing, ornamentation etc.

Palace 1: Kuntala theme: love Informing factors Cultural memories of the audience: When dealing with emotional experience of the user, it is useful to understand popular icons and stories which are embedded in collective conscience. Visual markers suggestive of these icons can trigger emotional states associated with these icons. These love poems and paintings interpreting them are popular icons of srngara in India. The elements of this Radha Krishna icon can also be seen translated in the entire settings of Kuntala.

Cultural settings of the story Structure of governance- The kingdom is ruled by a King and his unwed sister. No reference has been made to a formal administrative hierarchy indicating a simple structure of governance. Relation between the ruling class and commoners The commoners seem to have easy access to the rulers to redress their complaints.

Kuntala with respect to other kingdoms In the story, Kuntala is described as a scenic but small kingdom without any vassals. There is no requirement to create awe in either the citizens or vassal states. The Intangible. Interpreting Function A Palace is a place of administration and residence.

However, given the above contextual parameters, the residential and administrative spaces are not separated rigidly. The Royal court doubles up as a large hall where the residents of the Palace themselves meet informally.

The courtyard adjoining this hall serves to hold a large gathering during a Durbar. Emotional quality of Site The site is set in the foothills of mountains.

The lush and verdant site is replete with streams of water. This pleasant quality of the site has been enhanced by creating gardens and pavilions-pleasant, informal, vibrant and colourful spaces. Emotional theme to spatial experience Meetings between lovers, preferably in casual, informal settings are ideal for the development of a love story. Hierarchies of command, opposing coteries, physical power, strength of character and leadership qualities displayed by its characters seem to have influenced the writers of Baahubali 2 also.

The Queen regent Shivagami is shown to hold all the power in the beginning. Subsequently, her legal son, Bhallala deva and adopted son, Baahubali are shown as potential inheritors of the throne. When Baahubali is crowned the king to be, the court gets split into multiple coteries.

The Queen regent and the crown prince are deified and worshipped by the commoners. This segregation is seen even in the design of the Royal court. Mahishmathi seems to have controlled a powerful empire. Interpreting Function The multiple power centres require various places of meeting. Even the residential quarters are designed with the capacity to host small meetings. Also, the context defined requires clear segregation and demonstration of Hierarchy. The Fort is designed with strict disciplined, linear forms with little scope for natural features suggesting a controlled environment.

Everything in the settings suggests martial qualities. Emotional theme to spatial experience Given below is a set of spatial experiences that tie in with the theme of power and valour. The effect is dramatic. Upholstery also continues in mostly tones of red, orange and yellow. Thus, the choice of color serves to build the mood to bravery and valor. The scale may be interpreted as a statement of the overwhelming presence of the Royal Family in the lives of the Public.

Even the arches on the facade have low height screens implying low barriers, informality and easy accessibility. The ornamentation is suggestive of festive decorations also associated with wedding decorations.

The imagery used in the Mahishmathi palace is also suggestive of masculinity and martial qualities. The plaza itself has mostly hardscape, even the water body flows in a rectilinear pool implying an atmosphere of control. A citizen from the plaza in Mahishmathi is forced to look up to the buildings. This reinforces a bodily memory of respect.

In this case, the assertive body language of a warrior. All other ornamentation is simple and repetitive, like marching soldiers. There is a huge difference in their form and the emotional impact it has on the architectural experience. Architecture could learn from other visual arts including the visual aspect of performing arts regarding popular imagery depicting emotional content.

Popular images and cultural perceptions connect the intangible in the mind of the designer, the tangible expression of art and how they are perceived by the user.

Shared cultural values between designer and user often serve to deepen the quality of the art experience. Larger than life sets were erected at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad, India, where carpenters, painters and prop builders created a kingdom replete with two palaces and many statues. Visual effects were created by 3 dozen companies which helped simulate the terrains and battle scenes Forbes Asia, The settings, therefore, provide rich visual material for study.

Form, space and order. John wiley and Sons. Gopalakrishnan, R. Master of Arts philosophy , Indian Aestheticians. Forbes Asia. Vitruvius, M. De Architectura. Harvard University Press, Project Gutenburg. Fisher, S. Philosophy of Architecture. The Structure and Content of Architectural Experience. Retrieved from egyankosh. Chakrabarti, The bloomsbury research handbook of Indian Aestheics and the philosophy of art. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Holcombe, J. Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda. Retrieved from occasopress.

Allahabad: Raka Prakashan. Elegy for theory. Harvard University Press. Guyer, P. Architectural Histories, Later on, working as an architect, I realized that the same was true regarding the importance of narrative into my work, when presenting my work to clients and sharing common metaphors of their own life integrated into an archi- tectural narrative, which was deeply related with the place and landscape of the given site and environ- ment.

The course analyses life in the village through the creation of a file with a collection of observations, texts, interviews, narratives, stories that a new architect should be aware of in this space before beginning to imagine and creating a new piece of architecture in the traditional structure of a village or any other small community.

What should an architect know beyond thinking or designing the structure of a building in order to analyse and under- stand an existing spatial and social situation in depth? In architectural theory, tools of interpretation are given through different approaches, so that architecture and art can be understood as practices that were traditionally used to connect man with his community, place, religion, and environment.

In the course, extracts of narratives, contracts, maps, photo- graphs and videos were used, so that the students could consolidate their understanding of the different issues of village life. The purpose of the course is to reveal the complexity of the Mediterranean metropolis by asking students to create their own narratives about the city, based on an archive of observations, photographs and images, sketches and records. It focuses on the Athenian landscape and its environs, on the social, cultural and urban fabric, in order to shed light on the boundaries and spaces of crisis, migration, but also of negotiations and coexistence, as this takes place between the ancient and the new, between the centre and the edges of the city.

The aim of the course is to help the students understand the urban characteristics of Athens, its com- plexity.

This is a complexity that is interwoven with the coexistence of spaces, from the perspective of their spatial, cultural and social structure. The students of this course created their own narratives based on the metaphors of Athenians on their reality in the city, fused by their personal experience in the city as a variation of truth.

Through fiction, students brought together understanding and imagina- tion and were able to root their experiences and observations in the space of the city.

So the priest informed the parish committee and the committee invited all the villagers to decide whether to grant the request. This psychosomatic equilibrium connected to human relations, the environment and architecture, and the village atmosphere, are conveyed through language in this and seven more fictional narratives.

This represents another anthropological description of the place, given so as to be reconstructed under different situations and conditions. Then, phenomenology and hermeneutics can help to understand and interpret these spaces, which are created by a series of spatial, social, ethical boundaries and actually exists through the negotiation and narration of stories that take place in all spaces of the village or the city.

Archives were used with the intention to produce fiction as a way of inter- preting and revealing the reality of the city or the village. The fictional stories are an intellectual con- struct of the things that make up this reality.

This is the reason why writing a fictional narrative helps students to understand, connect, root their experience into space and the environment, allowing them to imagine life as a social and cultural interaction where place, space and environment are involved. Today, though we gravitate towards new contemporary sustainable ways of living, we search for things beyond the human way of life, beyond the complexity of architecture, we do not look for what connects us to social life, spatial qualities and the environment.

In this course students are invited to understand this relationship between contemporary or traditional life and the complexity of architecture, place and environment. Students become equipped with tools to understand and interpret local traditions in mod- ern life. Maria Vidali, Liminality, metaphor and place in the farming landscape of Tinos: The village of Kampos, thesis submit ted to University of Thessaly in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philoso- phy, University of Thessaly, School of Architecture, , – Confabulations: Story- telling in Architecture.

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Positional and dimensional co-ordination of building parts and their interfaces are a tool and a condition for industrialization and probably a leaner construction process Cuperus Control is the core of the Open Building concept. In this paragraph, a recycling market is proposed as a self-sustaining economic activity, the concept of Open Building is used to identify different, independent yet coordinated levels of control and construction. Recycling market in a recycled building The Beira Municipality attempts to demolish the Grande Hotel and relocate the inhabitants.

This will force the current users to other places, thus replacing the problem. In addition, there is no guarantee that there will be a return on the investment to redevelop the site. That is why a low level intervention is suggested that will generate sufficient income to pay for itself. Planning a recycling market in and around the Grande Hotel is a double edged sword: by accommodating an economy based on recycling goods, the Grande Hotel itself is subject to recycling.

The romantic Art Deco architecture, once a sign of colonization will remain, but is now taken over by the current inhabitants, giving the building and its style a second chance. Figure 2: Concept of a civil amenity site, each container will be a workshop in the recycling market by author. Repair and reuse comes naturally in poor societies. In the western world, it has recently been reinvented as Cradle to Cradle McDonough et al. Separate collection of waste is common in modern cities and is well organized in civic amenity sites Figure 2.

This idea is adapted and adopted in this proposal. On the recycling market, the Beirans can sell waste products at a wide range of different workshops. Each workshop is specialised in the transformation or repair of specific types of materials or goods. The workshop holders gain a profit by selling the end products. A recycling market in and around the Grande Hotel anticipates local economic, social and environmental benefits.

The current informal economy in the Grande Hotel building serves its own basic survival without any perspective. If conditions are made for a recycling market, the economy should develop into an economy for basic growth.

It will attract new business activities that profit from their collaboration. In the Grande Hotel case, which is now an island the city seeks to avoid, this could result in the greater Grande Hotel area becoming embedded in the urban fabric. On the Beira scale, it will take environmental pressure off the existing municipal garbage dump. Master plan: Urban fabric, site and building In order to make the recycling market happen, a master plan with a strict separation of different levels of intervention is proposed that allows for a phased time planning Figure 3.

Currently, the garden behind the building contains a polluted swimming pool, a church and a mosque. The site itself is big enough to house a recycling market. The first step towards improvement is to clean and reorganize the site and its routing. By cutting a gate into the west wing, block B, of the Grande Hotel on the Avenue Alonse de Paiva the new public entrance will be made north to south towards the garden. The dwellings that will get lost by cutting the gate need to be compensated with dwellings adjacent to the new workshops.

In front of the new entrance, a bus stop will be located. Rear alleys will be created to supply the recycling workshops behind the building, thus reconnecting the site to the urban and social fabric of Beira. This intervention sets the conditions for future options, such as a general groceries market, clearance of the swimming pool, public latrines and places of worship for the larger community.

Newly built units, to be described in the next paragraph, will accommodate the recycling market. Once the market has become a self-sustaining economic network, the hotel rooms used for dwelling can be upgraded per floor or one unit at the time. Workshop units The second step towards improvement is the construction of workshop units, consisting of a load bearing structure of precast concrete columns and beams, on site connected with in-situ poured concrete.

This is a locally known, cyclone proof structure. This is a structure with a long life span and can be completed with different configurations of materials for roofing and partitioning with a shorter life span. The combination of fitting out the base buildings that in turn are positioned in line with the master plan creates conditions for a clear distinction of control, life spans and different future functions. Its dimensions are based on a 3. The materials and building parts to fit out the new workshop units will also fit in the base building of the Grande Hotel.

A typical workshop unit consist of a ground floor with a structure of concrete beams and columns. A 5, litres water tank, collecting free rainwater from the roof is located on the ground floor in the shady south of the unit. Additions differ per workshop unit: a furnace for forging steel or workbenches and tables for other trades such as bicycles or telephone recycle and repair. On top of this concrete structure, a structure of timber columns and beams can be built to house the workshop owner and its family as they now live in the Grande Hotel.

The first floor consists of a living space around a concrete fireplace that generates smoke to keep mosquitos at bay. The second floor accommodates sleeping arrangements. The building is topped with a double-layered roof of corrugated iron that creates shade, waterproofing and cross ventilation against accumulating heat Figure 4. Figure 4: Exploded view of a workshop built by the open construction module by author.

Generic use of the proposed base building structure and its fit-outs The generic structure of precast columns and beams on a 3. Since the design and dimensioning of the infill elements, such as the timber structures and partitions are based on the Grande Hotel’s design module, they can be used to fit out the old hotel as well Figure 5. Special attention needs to be given to keep the openings for cross ventilation intact. Organizational aspects: stakeholders The above-pictured plans are of spatial and material matter and cannot be accomplished without the approval of the stakeholders involved.

The municipality should release the plot for development and should change the illegal status of its current inhabitants. This of course is a delicate process in order not to create unwanted precedents for other sites in the city. Although our sympathy may go towards a high degree of self-governance by the inhabitants, this needs to be carefully coordinated with possible supporting stakeholders such as NGOs and profiting stakeholders such as the local water supplier, who may not like to lose control over the closed circuit water supply of the compound.

All stakeholders should see the benefit of a self-sustaining community with its own organizational structure. Call it the Grande Hotel Board. If not, this could well be a major hurdle to overcome. At the same time, it can be seen as an icon of the architectural and cultural past of Beira. Restoration may be an affront to the very poor citizens who feel little sympathy for the past. Adopting the building and handing it over to the community may take away this sensitivity. At the same time, it will become a catalyst for new life.

This paper addressed the problem of dilapidated buildings that are taken over by the very poor. Redeveloping such projects is expensive, politically sensitive, outcome-unsure, and in addition, replacing the people creates new housing problems elsewhere. A different strategy was suggested that makes the inhabitants responsible for their own environment. The concept of Open Building was used as inspiration to allocate control by groups of dwellers to layers of the built environment: a collective interest to defend and maintain the site and base building, making individual households and tradesmen stakeholders, through offering the possibility for economic growth by planning a recycling market.

At the higher level of interest, the municipality gains by turning an unsafe no-go area into a clean place for trade and urban activity. The suggested workshop unit demonstrates another way to apply Open Building principles: the dimension module was derived from the Grande Hotel building, which in turn makes the infill elements fit to upgrade parts of the building as well.

The refurbishment of the Grande Hotel de Beira is an academic proposal that is not executed and can therefore not be evaluated and we can thus only speculate on its successes. Precedents may give us indications. The concept of Open Building suggests a subdivision of the built environment based on control rather than on construction.

For that reason, it may not be easy to introduce in political environments that are top-down controlled as it can be seen as an unwanted power shift that empowers the dwellers. Although developed for a specific site, this project has the potential to become a precedent for similar cases in totally different circumstances.

Indeed, what they share is the desire to gradually improve housing and living conditions that will benefit both citizens and society. More information and drawings on the Reciclagem do Grande Hotel are available in the MSc thesis and the website Cruiming Cruiming, RR. Cuperus, Y.

Habraken, N. Ivo, F. Ivo Arquitecto, Beira. Newitt, M. Publishers LTD, London. Makgetla, I. Rolletta, P. Stoops, L. Grande Hotel, documentary, Serendipity Films, St. To combat this menace, stakeholders have tried to identify its causes and make recommendations for its amelioration.

This paper discusses the major building collapses in history and gives examples of collapses in Nigeria that have claimed lives, and it also identifies their causes. The profit motive and professional incompetence or negligence epitomise major facilitators of substandard structures that lead to structural failure, with immeasurable human costs. In Nigeria, these two facilitators are manifest in several processes and activities in the design and construction of buildings. The paper maintains that it is possible to strike a balance between quality and quantity in building structures, and recommends re-envisioning of the training of architects, engineers and other professional in the construction industry.

The deficiencies in the training, practical exposure and ethical orientation of student architects, engineers and quantity surveyors are highlighted. These shortcomings can be ameliorated by requisite adjustments to the curriculum, more rigorous field training of students, emphasis on project management skills, and greater integration of the disciplines responsible for the built environment. This integration should include colocation of the disciplines in the same or adjacent faculties, course sharing, teaching of architectural design and structural analysis courses by subject experts, emphasis on multidisciplinary design software such as Revit, and encouragement of teamwork by encouraging the use of some form of Building Information Modelling BIM for the design, analysis and costing of structures.

The establishment of multi-disciplinary consulting firms should be encouraged by removing legal bottlenecks to registration, and by giving them preference in the Public Procurement Act. Keywords: architecture, education, engineering, Nigeria, structural failure. The response of the emergency services is now timelier; the politicians make more noise and threaten stiffer sanctions against erring parties. This is sometimes followed by the demolition of adjacent buildings that were suddenly discovered to be structurally unsound.

After a few days or weeks of media frenzy attention shifts to other breaking news. However, for the orphaned and widowed, bereaved and deprived, amputees and disfigured, destitute and broken hearted, the harrowing descent into depression would have just commenced.

The culprits most often than not walk away as free men, and suffer only material losses. Their collaborators sometimes suffer no losses at all. This social menace is a cause for great concern, and architects are usually next in line after engineers on the roll call of suspects, even when the contractor or owner is obviously at fault.

Many studies have identified the immediate and remote causes of these structural failures, and also suggested means of limiting their occurrence. While some of these studies include better training as one of the remedies, this paper analyses the structural design components in the curriculum of representative Nigerian universities, and compares these with those in leading universities, including those that offer courses that combine architectural with structural engineering training.

The paper argues the thesis that repurposing and better integration of architectural and structural engineering training can reduce incidences of catastrophic building collapse. The most definitive of these still remains the Tower of Babel as documented in the biblical Book of Genesis Plate 1. The assumption from the text of Genesis is that the tower collapsed with age, but the Book of Jubilees documents how God overturned the tower with a great wind, and also gave the height as 2, metres, which is about three times the height of the Burj Khalifa Jubilees ; Charles The Burj Khalifa Plate 2 , being much shorter than the Tower of Babel has a more modest goal of reaching the sky.

Plate 2: The Burj Khalifa in Dubai. Standing at metres, this remains the tallest building and the tallest man- made structure in the world.

Much like the Tower of Babel, the Burj Khalifa aims to reach from the earth to the sky Source: Photograph by the authors Other examples of building collapse in the Bible are less nebular, but probably more dramatic. Philistines within Judges The Book of Joshua describes how the walls of the City of Jericho collapsed after the Israelites marched around it seven times, blew their horns and shouted Joshua 6: While theologians and archaeologists debate with historians and scientists about the veracity of these biblical building collapses, written history has sufficient cases of catastrophic building collapses dating from the Roman Empire to the present time.

Many of these structures were bridges and masts, but amphitheatres, residential buildings, office towers and many other high-rise buildings have been known to collapse Table 1. The most dramatic of these is the collapse of the storey twin towers at the World Trade Centre in New York after the September 11 terror attack of Plates 3 and 4.

More recently, the collapse of the Rana Plaza garment factory in Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh which killed more than 1, workers and injured 2, others shocked the world Plate 5. Table 1: Major building collapses in history. Source: Internet search. A recent national technical workshop organised by the Nigerian Building and Roads Research Institute examined the history, causes, cost and consequences of building failures in Nigeria Akindoyeni ; Aliyu ; Alufohai ; Atume ; Ejeh ; Ike ; Jambol and Matawal These building collapses often claim scores of victims, and are most common in urban areas Table 2.

Table 2. Examples of major building collapse in Nigeria. Secondary School June Three-storey building under Enugu 20 killed. Date Structural collapse Location Casualties July 5-storey office building Port-Harcourt 30 killed, many injured July 4-storey block of flats Lagos 25 killed. July Block of 36 flats, penthouse and shops Ebute Metta, Lagos 57 killed, 50 injured.

August 4-storey building 2 Ikole Street, Garki 21 killed. The higher incidence of collapse of buildings in highly populated areas has been ascribed to the high demand for housing and services, leading to shylock landlords engaging in sharp practices in order to increase their profit.

Two sisters died in the incident Source: Google images. Source: Ike A failure can be considered as occurring in a component when that component can no longer be relied upon to fulfil its principal functions Roddis Structural failure occurs when ultimate limit states are surpassed resulting in collapse, overturning or buckling. On the other hand, structural failure due to serviceability limit states being exceeded leads to deformation, cracking, vibration, etc.

British Standards Institute , Building collapse is therefore necessarily characterised by structural failure due to ultimate limit states being exceeded. Limit State Design LSD A limit state is a set of performance criteria such as vibration levels, deflection, strength, stability, buckling, twisting, or collapse that must be met when a structure is subject to loads. Limit states design of structures is based on the limit states beyond which structures become unfit for their intended use.

The serviceability limit states are the limits beyond which specified service criteria are no longer met. Structures that exceed serviceability limits may cause occupant discomfort in everyday use, when they are subject to routine loads, even though they may not collapse. For example, when the vibration of a floor can be felt by users, or a bridge can be seen to sway, or a truss can be seen to sag, then the structures might have exceeded their serviceability limit states, and users may feel unsafe in such structures.

Ultimate limit states concern the safety of the whole or part of the structure, and are evidenced by failure of structural members when exceeded. The ultimate limit states specify the conditions under which a structure may collapse when subjected to peak loads. Examples are general yielding, rupture, buckling, overturning and fractures. Limit state design covers the variability of material strength, loading and structural performance.

Ultimate limit states are determined by limit states for strength, stability, fatigue, brittle fracture and structural integrity. The Nigerian factor A rather interesting proposition about the causes of building failure by Ede is that there are some causes that are unique to, or at least more prominent in Nigeria, and he dubbed these the Nigerian factor.

Tempting as this proposition about the uniqueness of Nigeria in matters concerning structural failure of buildings may be, reports from numerous developing nations, and even poor regions of developed countries suggest that the causes of building collapse are more universal than national.

Pecuniary facilitators of building collapse One factor that underlies most of the causes of building collapse is greed. There is a tendency by most stakeholders in the building industry to maximise profit, often at the expense of safety or moral standards.

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